Sustainable Business Development and Innovation System

Question: Discuss about the Sustainable Business Development and Innovation System. Answer: Introduction Business models can be said to be the representations made or created by organizations as a strategy to capture value in all of the economic, social and cultural contexts. According to (Teece, 2010), it can also be described as a companys worth supply to the customers and the transformation of payment to profits. It also explains how a firm conducts business, how it delivers value to stakeholders and how it links factor and product markets. It combines both the informal and formal aspects of the business and is a major part of any organizational business strategy (Baden-Fuller Haefliger, 2013). The business models have been used by many entrepreneurs in the classification of businesses and the exploration of opportunities available in the markets for future development strategies. When a business model is conceptualized, various factors are considered. According to (Teece, 2010), various factors considered in the business model follow a particular criterion for the logic in the design. The major factor they say is technology. The other factors include those that have the characteristics of Web 2.0 which are; user-generated content on the online platform, the network effects to be involved, the collective intelligence, and the kind of industry or the services provided by the business (Boons Ludeke-Freund, 2013). According to (Teece, 2010), the various elements that are found on a proper business model include; The technologies that are required in the embedding of both product and services together with the features involved. The benefit of the model in ensuring customer satisfaction through use or consumption of product/ services. The model should enable easy and quick identification of market demands and target groups. The available revenue streams should be compatible with the model of choice. The mechanisms and procedures to capture value should be enhanced at the last stage of the model before its implementation. According to (Zott Amit, 2010), various factors are considered when business models are conceptualized as systems and include; Activity system content which describes the activities to be taken during the incorporation of the model into the already existing system. Some of these activities may lead to employing new staff, training of the available staff or even development of new capabilities (Casadesus-Masanell Ricart, 2010). Activity system governance which describes the people whom will perform specific activities and involve role delegation in the model to be adopted. Activity system structure which lays out the strategies to be followed, how they sequence and also include their importance to the business model regarding their supporting or peripheral nature and their core. Types of business models According to (Hoflinger, 2014), various models can be adopted and used by organizations and include the following; Bricks and clicks model which incorporates online and online incidences in running their businesses. An example includes the OLX platform. The collective business model that involves various systems, organizations or professionals regarding resource collections and benefit provisions. Cutting out the middleman model which ensures that businesses deliver directly to customers and receive direct feedback without any intermediaries involved. This is the same as the direct sales models. The advantages of business models in solving problems Business models have given entrepreneurs and organizations a pathway to resolve some of the challenges they encounter in marketing, customer, environmental or the business context (Chesbrough, 2013). Some of the advantages according to a social media site, Get2Growth; include; It enables organizations to focus on the functions or activities that intertwine or interweave and are very much directed towards solving a particular problem (Get2Growth, 2017). It enables the organization to concentrate on the business, comprehend and identify areas of weaknesses or strengths depending on the efforts. The business model guides what is important hence remaining focused and on track towards achievement of desired goals. The speed to which these goals are achieved will also be guided by the models. All the employees, staff and stakeholders will be united by a shared vision and speak a common language towards growth and development (McGrath, 2010). Every member of the organization will focus towards value creation and scheme both to the customers and the organization itself. Business models and innovation According to (Zott Amit, 2010), business models are an excellent source of innovation among many organizations, and this is because they all desire to remain on the competitive edge. It enables the organizations to rethink the business around customer needs, available resources towards achieving these requirements, the processes to be followed in the gallant course and the plan to be used in the processes (Boons Ludeke-Freund, 2013). According to (Girotra Nettessine, 2014), these major frameworks enable innovation when derived from business models; The mix of services and products offered should guide towards innovation that creates value for the business hence reducing uncertainties. It enables the businesses to focus narrowly on the gap identified that exists in the market rather than selling common goods or services hence being outstanding (Baden-Fuller Haefliger, 2013). The model enables the creation of unique portfolios that are hedged hence reducing risks that may be encountered in the business process. These works for both product and marketing amalgamations. It enhances timely and proper decision making in a particular order, and appropriate choice of decision makers can be picked from the creativity seen from them together with their commitment (Casadesus-Masanell Ricart, 2010). Revenue stream, synchronizing of time horizons and the integration of incentives to staff can also enhance creativity and innovation when used properly in line with the model. The capacity of any given business model to succeed will depend altogether on the development of the business model itself, that is, its capacity to give socially helpful products, vocations or benefits and recoup the expenses at scale(Boons Ludeke-Freund, 2013). This will thus rely on upon various distinctive components: regardless of whether the model is advancing a pull product for instance, credit and cell phones and credit or a push product for instance, solar lantern and contraception; the amount of the encompassing biological community the business model must arrange and oversee, particularly in models that will include supply chains; and whether the main job will require market creation or market entry(Baden-Fuller Haefliger, 2013). An opportunity to scale the models will rely on upon a mix of every one of the three models and extra factors, for example, working out sales capacities and tenable distribution. Example of an organizations business model According to (Baden-Fuller and Haefliger, 2013) Business models are in a general sense connected with technological innovation, yet the business model built is basically separable from innovation. Various experts have characterized the business model as a framework that is presently being utilized to resolve the difficulties of recognizing who is (or are) the customer(s), monetizing the esteem, drawing in with their necessities, and conveying fulfillment. (Casadesus-Masanell and Ricart, 2010) both express that the structure portrays the business model framework as a model containing circumstances and end results connections, and it gives a premise to characterization. (Zott and Amit, 2010) have formulated the business model association with innovation in a two-manner way. To begin with, business models intervene the connection amongst innovation and firm execution. Secondly, building up the correct technology involves a business model decision with respect to openness and client enga gement. (Zott Amit, 2010), have enabled me to understand business models as systems. This they have done through properly articulating the interdependent activities that when properly implemented by an organization/firm, can allow it expand its boundaries and do better in the business. They also have mentioned that business models as systems enable partnering of different professionals, systems and business towards the achievement of one goal and value capture. They used both theoretical and empirical research results to come up with the designing procedure of a proper business model and how it can be used for innovation and value creation. Conclusion Various writers have confirmed that business models are very essential in ensuring that any serious firm is propelled towards prosperity, maintenance of competitive edge/market reputation and ensuring customer satisfaction. From the various studies conducted, the future of organizations will entirely depend on the type of business model adopted, and those that run without any may face a lot of market problems and other challenges associated with marketing, innovation and service delivery. References Baden-Fuller, C., Haefliger, S. (2013). Business models and technological innovation.Long range planning,46(6), 419-426. Boons, F., Ldeke-Freund, F. (2013). Business models for sustainable innovation: state-of-the-art and steps towards a research agenda.Journal of Cleaner Production,45, 9-19. Casadesus-Masanell, R., Ricart, J. E. (2010). From strategy to business models and onto tactics.Long range planning,43(2), 195-215. Chesbrough, H. (2013).Open business models: How to thrive in the new innovation landscape. Harvard Business Press. Get2Growth (2017). Advantages of the business model Canvas.Retrieved from www.get2growth.com Girotra, K. and Nettessine, S (2014).Decision Making; Four paths to Business Model Innovation. Hflinger, N. F. (2014). Business Model Design and Technological Innovation: Multi-Method Essays On Drivers, Working Mechanisms, and Consequences. McGrath, R. G. (2010). Business models: A discovery driven approach.Long range planning,43(2), 247-261. Teece, D. J. (2010).Business Models, Business Strategy and Innovation. Zott, C. and Amit, R. (2010) Business Model Design: AnActivity System Perspective.

The Basics of Underground Railroad Essay Topics

The Basics of Underground Railroad Essay Topics What Does Underground Railroad Essay Topics Mean? Look into the terms by itself and make sure that chronological order is adhered to. The expression is vague and nobody is sure exactly where it derived. The countless people which were ready to assist at the chance of their very own consequences were remarkable. Discuss its advantages on the folks. Addressing historical issues in an authentic and truthful way can be quite challenging but is essential for students to come up with a thorough comprehension of earth. This knowledge isn't only imperative for black folks, but for everyone. Non-violence as a way of seeking freedom creates peace and understanding locally. The teacher may have to provide models or instruction on developing a bibliography or works cited. Students should return to their seats. They may examine the motivations, living conditions, and personal stories of people who traveled that route more than 150 years ago. They should wear a school uniform 4. They may provide feedback to each other on their opening paragraphs. Top Underground Railroad Essay Topics Choices Federal marshals and skilled bounty hunters called slave catchers pursued fugitives so far as the CanadaUS border. Slaves were regarded as incredibly valuable, particularly in the 19th century. This research paper will analyze the activities of the Underground Railroad in Kentucky in addition to slavery in the us. These workers were also referred to as conductors. In the basement, there's evidence of a little room employed in the Underground Railroad. The Appeal of Underground Railroad Essay Topics Fugitives began to find out more about their surroundings as a way to survive. Tubman was celebrated in a number of other ways throughout the country in the 20th century. Harriet Tubman was a crucial person to several slaves in the usa. Harriet Tubman is among the most honored heroes in america of America. The Federal Reserve played a huge part in the Great Depression. It's currently under restoration. It's also touched with okayness. A refuge for runaways and totally free blacks alike, the farm features comfort and somewhere to live to anybody needing it. Thus slave labor is necessary to the performance of the nation itself. It provided a chance for sympathetic Americans to aid in the abolition of slavery. There's evidence to imply that the party stopped at the house of abolitionist and former slave Frederick Douglass. On the way, the train stops in various states, every one of which represent a different reaction to slavery. The stations were houses of individuals who supported the notion of freeing the slaves. There are lots of resources available on the internet but care has to be given to make sure that these resources aren't biased also. The capacity of viewing issues this way contributes to the maturation of empathy and extensive comprehension. As a historian you have to interrogate your sources and ask the important questions. There are a number of different techniques to compose a very good research proposal on the Underground Railroad. Was still alive today, he'd think There are a lot more journaling prompts and journal topics on this website, and more coming soon! Children were sometimes tough to keep quiet or were not able to stay informed about a group. This booklet will give a window into the past through an assortment of primary sources concerning the Underground Railroad. Begin with general information regarding Mrs. Tubman. Definitions of Underground Railroad Essay Topics The journey was going to be hard. The only means that someone can be in a position to escape this life is by running away. All the novel's characters must make moral choices within a system which limits their options, a system which sometimes makes ethics and survival incompatible. Evaluate the means of life for the Native American. Ridgeway argues he is motivated by the very same survival instinct as Cora. Furthermore, enslaved women were rarely permitted to leave the plantation, making it more challenging for them to escape in precisely the same ways that men could. The men were far more cautious and they could work and help you save money when they reached freedom so he can buy his family members or help them escape away from their owners to freedom (Heinrichs 24).

Essay Topic Study Guide

Essay Topic Study GuideIf you are thinking about writing a USH Regents Essay Topic Study Guide, then the first thing that you need to do is to get the right study guide. A study guide not only gives you the basic information regarding USH Regents Essay Topic but also provides other valuable resources like free essays and articles that are associated with the topic. Here are some of the best Essay Topic Study Guides that you can find online.This Essay Topic Study Guide will give you a brief overview of the entire USH curriculum. You will be given a list of topics to choose from. Then you will be able to select the best and most suitable one. The study guide will also contain short essays that discuss each topic.This Essay Topic Study Guide will provide you with a detailed account of the academic background of the students who took up USH after the cancellation of the USA Congress. It will also provide you with a list of subjects that were taught by USH graduates.This Essay Topic Study Guide is all about USH Essay Topic. The best part about this study guide is that it provides you with additional resources like discussion forums and a Q&A forum.This Essay Topic Study Guide is another excellent study guide that provides you with all the details about USH. It also gives you the list of topics that the students who passed the exam for their degree must have studied. This study guide will give you a list of all the USH majors and topics that are associated with each major.This is another essay topic study guide that covers the history of the USH student regents. It also gives you the list of topics that the students must have studied to pass the exams. You will be able to identify what kind of USH degree you are looking for as well as the quality of education you will get in it.You can get these and many more by clicking the links below. All these Study Guides will be free of cost and will last for a lifetime. Get your USH Regents Essay Topic Study Guide now!

Research Paper Topics About Mental Illness and Research Paper Topics About Mental Health

Research Paper Topics About Mental Illness and Research Paper Topics About Mental HealthWhen you go into your doctor's office for a mental health evaluation, he or she is likely to want to ask you about some of the many research paper topics that he or she could include in the discussion. Of course, your discussion with the doctor will likely include topics such as medication and treatments.However, you should not let the topic stop there. In fact, you should talk to the doctor about the importance of talking about these topics and the possible reasons why this is so important. Even if you are the type of person who does not take medication, you may still want to discuss the topic with your doctor.First, there are many issues with both adults and children that are brought up when you talk about your personal experience and with issues that have been experienced by others. Of course, these issues are often the same issues that adults may face. They are also probably the same issues th at adults struggle with as well. They may be just as serious as the issues that you have had to deal with for your entire life.There are also issues with adults and mental illness that can be addressed at a younger age than adults will have to deal with. For example, in the past, many parents have learned through their children's personal experiences that there are issues with alcohol use or drug use. Today, it is more common for children to be diagnosed with ADHD.These issues will almost certainly need to be addressed when the child is born. Once the child has grown up, he or she may have other issues with drug use, if you were recently diagnosed with an addiction. Therefore, it is important for your doctor to know that these issues were brought up when you were younger. In many cases, the issues that they discussed will be issues that they will encounter with other patients as well.All of these issues can be brought up in your mental illness evaluation as well. It can also be impo rtant to remember that when discussing issues with your doctor, the information you receive will be based on what is on your medical records, which may not be current. You may want to discuss the issues that have been brought up, as well.If you and your doctor go back and forth over your mental health evaluation, it is important to know that it is possible to address this topic. It may seem like a simple issue, but it actually may be a complex issue. This is why it is so important to know that you are able to include it in your discussions.

Quality Function Deployment Sample Essay

Quality Function Deployment Sample EssayThe best quality function deployment sample essay to use is an essay that you have created for use in a functional testing course. As far as testing is concerned, you need to be able to show your employers and other people in the company that you are knowledgeable about what you are doing. You can do this by writing a good quality essay. This will show that you are willing to learn more and that you know how to succeed in testing.There are several ways that you can demonstrate that you know what you are doing. One of the first ways is to show that you have studied the proper practices for testing. This is a must because there are so many people who do not know how to perform proper testing. You can demonstrate this by taking some time out of your day to prepare yourself. One of the best places to do this is at the end of the day when you get to go home from work.Another thing you can do to make your essay more effective is to do research on the subject. It is easy to find out information on the internet. You should look into all the possible things you can do to make your testing essay more effective. There are so many people out there who don't take their time to do this and they make the mistake of simply letting themselves be led by the internet. Make sure that you take your time to study everything that you can before hand.Lastly, when you are ready to write a comprehensive function deployment essay, start by defining the goal of your essay. Be sure that this is an essay that tells people what your goal is and why you need to be successful in testing. Describe to them the proper processes for the test and how they go about testing. They will learn about what you need to do and how you are going to go about doing it.One more thing that you should look at is whether or not you are familiar with all the different techniques that are used for testing. You need to show that you know the proper techniques that can help you become successful. The best way to show this is to make sure that you have a background in how the techniques are used and by showing that you know them you are showing the truth about yourself.Writing a good quality essay will show you that you are capable of doing so. The essay should be the culmination of your whole life experience. You should show that you have done the right things in the past to show that you can handle the same thing in the future. It is easy to look back and see the mistakes that you made in the past and write the essay about those things. Do not allow yourself to think that you can get away with it.The best way to show this is to show how you will go about making sure that no one is left behind. Even if you have made mistakes in the past, the best way to show this is to make sure that you are going to learn from them and that you are going to correct them. The best quality function deployment sample essay to use is one that shows you how you are going to le arn from your mistakes and how you are going to correct them so that you can be successful in the future.

Skeptical and Layman Competence

Critical thinking is an interesting and important branch of knowledge. The ability to think critically equips one with the knowledge to evaluate and make informed decisions out of situations. Being skeptical, optimistic and confident are all elements of critical thinking that are crucial in decision making.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Skeptical and Layman Competence specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Battersby is a university lecturer who teaches critical thinking. His sister-in-law was diagnosed with lung cancer and obviously this sounded like a death penalty warrant. However, Battersby’s extensive critical analysis skills drove him a point further to unearth the finer details of the diagnosis and these turned out to be the basis of appreciation of layman’s competency. More so, in reference to the above scenario as a piece to be analyzed on the basis of critical thinking, the main argument will b e whether Battersby was justified to be skeptical about the pathologist’s diagnosis. Is it right for one to doubt expertise contribution in any given situation? Battersby was right to seek an extra explanation from the initial cancer diagnosis. Further exploration of the argument qualifies it to be a cogent argument. Furthermore, it is relevant to the context of critical thinking and clearly explores issues that sufficiently emphasize the importance of critical thinking thus making it acceptable. An individual is allowed to seek more elaborate explanations of expertise work especially where one is skeptical about the same work. It is also acceptable that doctors, just like any other experts can make mistakes since they might not always be precise and accurate. Nevertheless, one can easily detect such mistakes by critically analyzing the expert’s contribution. When Battersby’s sister in-law was diagnosed with lung cancer, Battersby accepted the results. However, he doubted the fact that the affected cells were not identical meaning the cancer had metastasized and therefore a surgical operation to save her was ruled out. Cancer patients with metastasized conditions do not live beyond five years in this condition. Battersby felt that the doctors had not done enough to save the sister in-law. It is this confidence that prompted him to go an extra mile to ascertain the validity of the diagnosis. Therefore, Battersby and his wife chose to undertake further research about lung cancer and their findings amazed everyone. They discovered that the pathologist had not yet tried the DNA test. Indeed the DNA test revealed that the cancer had not metastasized and an operation was possible to cure the patient. The desire to do this research was solely driven by a desire to have the sister alive and the unwavering hope that something could still be done.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper wit h 15% OFF Learn More The topic of cancer diagnosis is also relevant to the whole issue of critical thinking. Battersby critically thought about the diagnosis before finally developing a skeptical approach. Using critical thinking skills he opted not to carry out a re-diagnosis about the sister’s condition but rather engage his wife to jointly do more research on lung cancer. These are all as a result of critical thinking. Layman competence is also supported by critical thinking. For instance, Battersby is a lecturer who decides to carry out research on a medical condition. These are two independent expertise fields which are not related. Therefore Battersby critically explored all the methods for diagnosing cancer before he finally established that DNA tests give undoubted results. Given that Battersby was not medical personnel, the arrival at DNA test as an alternative method for DNA is purely as a result of critical thinking. The article brings out sufficient groun ds that justify Battersby’s act of doubting the cancer diagnosis on his sister in-law. It was through such skeptic approach that the exact medical condition of the sister in-law was established. Her cancer had not metastasized. Subsequently, a surgical operation was carried out and she is now healthy. This could have been different if Battersby and his wife accepted the initial results as given by the pathologist. The recommendation to have a DNA test carried out was given by Battersby and his wife. Doctors were convinced that they had done their best as far as the diagnosis of cancer is concerned. Thus, it is surprising that such like crucial medical recommendations are made by people outside the field of medicine. Layman competence thus helped to save Battersby’s sister in-law’s life. Battersby thus directed his critical thinking ability on the right path when he chose to seek more elaborate diagnosis besides the doctor’s findings. Conclusively, ideas b rought out from the read article reflect the true picture of what happens in the current society. People will stick to professional expertise contribution and ignore any other contribution from those outside the professional field in question. This article is thus relevant as it draws the readers’ mind to re-evaluate their critical thinking abilities as well as take time thinking about other possible contributions from people who might not be necessarily experts in the said field. The author chose to use a medical example with clearly calculated intend. The medical field is considered the most accurate and precise field. Thus the author insists on the importance of critical thinking. It is possible to identify tiny yet crucial mistakes through critical thinking just like Battersby. This essay on Skeptical and Layman Competence was written and submitted by user Samuel Heath to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Alfred Hitchcock Essay Example

Alfred Hitchcock Essay Example Alfred Hitchcock Essay Alfred Hitchcock Essay Alfred Hitchcock (13 August 1899 29 April 1980) is perhaps one of the most renowned and innovative film directors in the history of cinema, with an incredible film-making career spanning over half a century and dozens of award- winning films. He specialized in the psychological thriller genre, creating famous hit films such as Psycho (1960), North by North-west (1958) and Vertigo (1959) and revolutionized many cinematic techniques such as camera angles, lighting and sound which he used extensively in his films to successfully create a variety of moods and atmospheres in scenes and to manipulate the audiences feelings and emotions from fear, shock and suspense.Psycho was based on the novel written by Robert Bloch, and is probably one of the most recognisable and famous films made by Hitchcock. Released in 1960, it initially received mixed reviews from film critics, but soon it became a massive hit at the box office and thousands of people around queued up at movie theatres to watch t he film. Later, many critics considered it Hitchcocks best film and praised Psycho as a masterpiece of cinematic art. Despite all these good reviews, the film caused a lot of controversy because it contained quite explicit gore and sex references, things that have rarely shown so strongly on American films as in Psycho .For example, there is a scene where a shadowy figure brutally stabs a woman while she is showering, and an embalmed corpse is shown during the end. Although these scenes are nothing compared to the brutal and overwhelmingly gruesome horror films of today, Hitchcock still struggled to get his whole film released due to censors efforts to delete several explicit shots in the movie. Psycho was known as the mother of all horror films and Hitchcock basically formed the whole archetypical basis for most horror and thriller films that were released after it.Shot in stark black and white, the film Psycho portrays young secretary Marion Crane as she successfully steals $ 40,0 00 from her employer and leaving her town of Phoenix in Arizona, intending to get married. However, as Marion escapes, she drives through a heavy rainstorm at night and accidentally drives off the highway, driving along an unlit road and turning up at the eerie, seemingly deserted Bates Motel, in the middle of nowhere. However the motel owner Norman Bate hurries out and helps her inside with her bags while the rain pours around them.After Marion has settled into her cabin, Norman Bates innocently invites her to have dinner with him in the massive, eerie house that overlooks the motel, however after he has a loud and furious argument with his invalid mother up in the second floor of the house, he brings the dinner down to the motel and suggests to Marion they have it in the parlour. The parlour scene is the scene prior to the famous, celebrated shower scene, and Hitchcock is very successful in this scene in using his technical mastery of camera angles, lighting and clever imagery to foretell the future events of the film. The scene begins when Norman walks into the darkened parlour and switches the light on, illuminating the room .The parlour, where the scene takes place, is a very interesting room which reveals a lot about Normans personality. It is decorated with stuffed birds of prey, like owls and large ravens, hanging from the walls and ceilings .The camera pans to each one, finally showing Marions uncomfortable expression with eating in a room full of stuffed birds. The two characters sit on the opposite ends of the room, both facing each other; however the camera never shows both of them in the same shot for most of the duration of the scene. In the scene Hitchcock makes clever use of camera angles and the position of the actors in the camera shots to subtly show to the audience the emotions of the two characters and who has power in the conversation .He also uses lighting to show the personalities of the two next to where Marion is seated there is a br ight light so there is almost no shadows on her , however, Norman is sitting in the dark side of the room, and most of the time half of his face is shrouded in shadow, something that cleverly shows his dual or split personality that is revealed and explained later in the movie.Marion starts eating her dinner, while Norman never touches his. Instead he watches her intently, sitting upright as she nibbles her sandwich, looking frightened as well as very interested. He remarks to her You eat like a bird which she replies to Youd know, of course as she looks around the room at the large stuffed birds, staring at her form the ceiling. They have a noticeably uncomfortable conversation about his strange hobby (taxidermy) which fills the time, not pass it and the audience notices his lack of friends. For most of the start of the conversation, the camera switches smoothly between Marion and Norman as they talk, and the camera angles are ordinary, shot at neither a low or high angle shot. Ho wever, as they start to talk about Normans mother and his furious argument with her, Norman is strangely shot in a very low angle- shot, that is cleverly framed to include the huge stuffed owl that hangs from the ceiling above his head, causing the audience to think of Norman as some kind of predator.His face is also half-shrouded with shadow. This change subtly shows that Norman has gained the power in the conversation. Despite this, his voice is still quiet. Suddenly, as Marion delicately suggests that Normans mother should be put someplace else in other words, an institution, the mood and the atmosphere of the room goes cold and foreboding, and the camera switches to Norman using a close-up shot of his face as he slowly leans in towards Marion, showing his angry face. Deep violins and cellos play slowly and ominously in the background, showing the seriousness of the conversation but not too loud as not to obscure Normans words. The camera quickly switches to Marion a few times, f raming her perfectly with a high-angle shot to show her powerlessness. The music rises with Normans simmering anger, and he furiously scorns Marions suggestions, but then leans backs against his chair and the music quietens with his anger, suddenly he is back to his friendly, affable personality. Now that the audience know the Norman is trapped in a situation where he has to care for his ill mother or let her die, they sympathize with him more.Afterwards, Marion decides to leave and thanks Norman for the dinner. While doing so, she stands up and talks a bit more, and the camera frames her with a low-angle shot- while showing Norman, who is still seated, in a very high-angle shot; this shows that Marion has regained power and to make the audience to think of Norman as less of a threat to Marion than before. However, before she leaves the room, Norman quickly asks Marion her name, and she accidentally replies with her real name (Marion Crane), not the name she signed in the motel ledg er (Marie Samuelson). The audience wouldve realized by now that there could be a connection between Marions bird-related surname with the birds of prey that Norman Bates stuffs, which he calls his hobby, and if this is perhaps a glimpse of the fate of Marion Crane, however they cannot be too sure at this moment, as why would Hitchcock kill the main protagonist so early in the film?After Marion leaves the room, Norman stands up and starts chewing some gum. His mood and personality has changed dramatically; he is suddenly more relaxed and casual, contrasting with his nervous and edgy temperament that he had when Marion was in the parlour. Walking towards the counter and picking up the ledger, the audience notice how confident he has become, and wonder what the reason is. He opens the ledger and the camera shows a close-up of what hes reading- the fake name that Marion wrote on her arrival to the motel- and then switches back to his face, while he shows a slight smirk at the false name and location. Then, he slowly walks back into the dark shadowy parlour, his face and body covered in darkness, and stops before a wall, momentarily surrounded by large, sinister birds of prey. The audience can see that he is trying to listen to whats happening next door, and then removes a painting on the wall that separates the parlour from Cabin Room 1 where Marion is staying to reveal a small jagged peephole cut into the wall, a beam of bright light coming from it.Peering into the small hole, it is revealed to Norman that Marion is undressing to take her shower. Hitchcock uses a point-of-view shot with the camera to show to the audience exactly what he is seeing, and they feel uncomfortable to be put in a position where they can spy on Marion. Next, the camera switches to an extreme close-up of Normans face, filling the screen with just his unblinking eye, which is illuminated slightly due to the hole. The music that is played during the scene (sinister, high-pitched, violins an d cellos) is very effective as it adds to the mounting creepiness of Norman Bates. Norman puts the painting back , and gazes at nothing, as though he is thinking intently about Marion, a stony, evil expression on his shadowy face .The audience are very fearful at this point, as they think that Norman could now try to assault Marion or alert the police over her fake name, and as he walks resolutely out of the parlour while the music gets slightly faster and louder, but the audience relax, as Norman instead walks up the hill to the large, sinister house where his mother is, and walks inside, shutting the door after him. The camera uses a long shot when he does this, to suggest that Norman is no longer a threat as he is so far away, lulling the audience into a false sense of security. The audience are now itching to find out what happens, whether Marion would escape with her boyfriend or give up the money, and as they know that they watching a Alfred Hitchcock movie, they know that the re are probably many shocking twists that make his movies so exciting, but perhaps not as shocking as what happens next in the filmThe camera switches to the interior of Cabin Room 1 and shows Marion, who is now clothed in a bathroom robe, scribbling on a piece of paper before ripping it out and tearing it to pieces. She walks to the bathroom and flushes the pieces of paper down the toilet (shockingly, another ground-breaking moment- a toilet flushing had never been seen or heard on American films, which was to jolt audiences, but not nearly as much as her brutal murder) and takes off her robe, steps in the bathtub, closes the shower curtain and turns the shower on.This is the beginning of the famed shower scene, where Marion, what the audience think is the movies main heroine and protagonist gets violently and brutally killed off while shes having a shower in the motel bathroom, in an unexpected twist that shocked the audience. The scene is only 4 minutes long, with over 70 differe nt shots and many camera angles and it took 6 days to fully film it. Hitchcock paid enormous amounts of attention to details, and used cinematic techniques extensively such as camera angles, music and sound effects to create a truly horrific murder scene.As Marion is showering, one of the most noticeable features of the scene is the extreme crispness and loudness of the sounds that she makes, accentuating the lack of other noise around her. Furthermore, as she is showering, it looks like she is really enjoying herself, as though the shower , probably because she has decided to go back to Phoenix and the water is having a cleansing effect on her, cleaning all of her guilt. Next, the camera shows Marion from behind to show the shower curtain. The bathroom door is opened, and the audience can just about see a sinister, shadowy silhouette through the translucent shower curtain as he/she steps forwards towards the shower, although Marion is oblivious to her surroundings. By now, the audi ence would be screaming at the screen, telling Marion to look behind her, but the silhouette pulls across the curtain (the sound of this is amplified greatly to emphasize its abruptness) to reveal itself -an unidentifiable, shadowy figure brandishing a large and menacing knife, one of the most iconic images of the horror genre, and stabs Marion repeatedly as she struggles.The sequence of shots that follows are shot from many different angles and altogether there were more than 70 shots, and the shower scene is sometimes hailed and the well-edited scene in history. As the figure stabs Marion, the camera quickly switches from Marions horrified, screaming face to the shadowy figure and back again, shooting the two from many different angles. This emphasizes the extreme franticness and rapidness of the murder. Furthermore, it gives the impression that Marion is completely surrounded and cant escape. Also, the camera shows the murderers arm move in a stabbing motion many times, so that e ven though the audience never really see the knife stabbing her skin, they use their imagination to fill up the blanks. About forty-seconds of brutal violence later, the mysterious figure swiftly leaves the bathroom and the camera cleverly only shows the back of it to conceal his/her identity.Meanwhile, Marion is left in the bath, bleeding to death, and the camera shows her hand slowly sliding off the tiled wall, signifying her diminishing life. Also, as her body falls to the floor of the bathtub, there is a shot of Marions face, which is cunningly framed so she is not in the centre of the shot, but more to the right of it. This camera shot shows how Marion is not the main protagonist and heroine of the movie anymore. She falls forward with her hand on the shower curtain , breaking it and laying on the floor dead while the camera pans to the bathtub the where the water is washing away Marion s blood down the plughole.Music and sound effects are perhaps the most effective techniques used here. When the silhouette appears, one of the most iconic movie soundtracks in film history plays; a tumultuous and ear-piercing cacophony of short, high screeching notes played by violins cellos and other string instruments that greatly emphasize the franticness of the scene. It was music that made the audiences skin crawl and their hairs to stand on end. Alfred Hitchcock actually didnt want any music in the shower scene, but after he heard the score composed by Bernard Hermann, it influenced the scene a lot, greatly adding to the horror and tension. It gradually became higher and louder as the murder goes on, accentuating the heightening horror of the scene, but then goes very melancholy and slow as Marion is left to die in the bathroom, signifying the last few moments of her life. It stops altogether after she falls over and breaks the shower curtain, and the only sound left in the scene is the splash of water from the shower falling on the bathtub. Sound effects also added to the horror. For example, the sickening sound of the knife slashing through Marions skin is very audible; giving the audience impressions that the cuts are very deep (the sound was actually made by stabbing melons with a knife)By exposing the audience to forty-five seconds of nonstop violence without actually showing any gore or blood, Hitchcock leaves it up to our imagination. Imagination has no limits which is why the scene is timeless and just as shocking half a century later. The shock is not only the sudden bombardment of cuts but the fact that he killed off his leading lady. We looked through her eyes, listened to her thoughts and witnessed her actions only to see her naked body slashed to an ugly death. With more than an hour to go, anything is possible. Even though the film had a low budget, and the props used in the shower scene were quite crude and unsophisticated (although it was 1960, and special effects werent really used in films back then) Hitchcock uses his technic al mastery of cinematic techniques to make the shower scene and the whole movie one of the most famous in film history.